how many times is wine mentioned in the bible
Want to receive the Verse of the Day each day? is peculiarly adapted to viticulture with the countrys bright sunshine and the heavy dew of the late summer nights. It is our final authority in all matters of doctrine (faith) and ethics (practice). The Gr. In one ancient work, Athenaeuss The Learned Banquet, written around A.D. 200, we find in Book Ten a collection of statements from earlier writers about drinking practices. For this reason, it was common practice to add the must, which containedsome extra natural sugar, to the new wine so that it would overwhelm the yeast, stopping the fermentation before the wine entered the vinegar zone. It is used 141 times in the OT, appears in the cognate languages, but perhaps is not of Sem. The cellars of the Rothchilds at Rishon le-Ziyyon controlled almost the entire produce of the Zionist colonies and was distributed through the Carmel Wine Company in all parts of Europe, Russia, and the United States. Drinking in Ancient Societies; History and Culture of Drinks in the Ancient Near East. Even after the appearance of mechanical wine presses the wine from trodden grapes was preferred and continued to be produced. Saint Paul later chides the Corinthians for becoming drunk on wine served at their celebrations of the Lord's Supper.[126]. Wine is used symbolically, in both positive and negative terms. Ministers may now use the title pastor regardless of gender. There were several ways in which the ancients could make water safe to drink. [146], There are some who interpret certain passages in the Bible as not referring to alcohol, arguing that all positive references to "wine" in Scripture refer to non-alcoholic beverages and all negative references speak of alcoholic beverages. A drink-offering of wine was presented with the daily sacrifice ( Exodus 29:40 Exodus 29:41), and also with the offering of the first-fruits ( Leviticus 23:13), and with . 22:7-23; 1 Cor. One tractate (Shabbath 77a) states that wine that does not carry three parts of water well is not wine. [10] The Rechabites's strict obedience to the command of their father "not to drink wine" [Jer. It is derived from the root, "sweet wine" or "new wine", the vintage of the current year with intoxicating power, vinegar, which was made from wine or other, "mixed drink," "mixed wine," "drink-offering;" the word is "properly a mixture of wine and water with spices that increase its stimulating properties.". 1. The identification of the so-called vine of Sodom (Deut 32:32) has been debated. Jeremiah has an allusion to this practice, Moab has been at ease from his youth and has settled on his lees; he has not been emptied from vessel to vessel, nor has he gone into exile; so his taste remains in him, and his scent is not changed (Jer 48:11; cf. And when the Lord's Supper was instituted, the wine and the unleavened bread then on the paschal table were by our Lord set apart as memorials of his body and blood. Some of the strongest warnings against intemperance are in the Book of Proverbs. There apparently were no attempts made to preserve wine in an unfermented state. In his commentary on the Gospel of John, Albert Barnes wrote, The wine of Judea was the pure juice of the grape, without any mixture of alcohol. There can be little doubt that the wines of palestine varied in quality, and were named after the localities in which they were made. The word wine appears 232 times in the Bible. ", Maynard (1997a), p. 114: "Excessive drinking was not uncommon in the ancient Near East. The safest and easiest method of making the water safe to drink, however, was to mix it with wine. 399-419. There is no direct or absolute prohibition of the use of wine in the NT. First, in Matthew 26:27-29, he institutes the new covenant by sharing a cup of wine with the twelve apostles. (Deut 32:14), and appears in the cognate Aram. The vine was also sometimes a symbol of adversity and Gods judgment (Deut 28:30; Amos 5:11; Zeph 1:13). It was a boiled down molasses-like treacle or jelly and very sweet. Bibliography' M. Jastrow, Jr., Wine in the Pentateuchal Codes, JAOS, XXXIII (1913), 180-192; H. F. Lutz, Viticulture and Brewing in the Ancient Orient (1922); A. C. Haddad, Palestine Speaks (1936), 60-67. They have identified about 70 native varieties, The New York Times reports,with 20 suitable for winemaking. In ancient times there were not many beverages that were safe to drink. Athenaus mentions several different dilution rates that he culled from ancient works. The drinking of wine (i.e., a mixture of water and wine) served therefore as a safety measure, since often the water available was not safe. Hence, the meanings of the words used for alcoholic beverages in each of these languages has bearing on alcohol in the Bible. Sign up now for the latest news and deals from Bible Gateway! In the New Testament, Jesus miraculously made copious amounts of wine[1] at the wedding at Cana (John 2). Later this quantity of wine was reduced. The vineyards were protected against vandalism by watchmen located in observation towers and were carefully cultivated. The best location of a vineyard for the direct sunshine is on the gentle slopes of the hillside where most of the vines have grown throughout the centuries in the Holy Land (Jer 31:5; Amos 9:13). The Hebrew scriptures prescribed wine for use in festal celebrations and sacrificial rituals. Yet as a beverage it was always thought of as a mixed drink. Negatively, wine is personified as a mocker ("[t]he most hardened apostate" in the Book of Proverbs whose chief sin is pride)[132] and beer a brawler (one who is "mocking, noisy, and restless").[10]. [9][6] From the Mishnah and Talmuds, the common dilution rate for consumption for Jews 3 parts water to 1 part wine (3:1 dilution ratio). All references from Muraoka index in Hatch and Redpath, p. 366 (appendix). The mingling that we read of in conjunction with wine may have been designed either to increase or to diminish the strength of the wine, according as spices or water formed the ingredient that was added. A 16th century biblical illustration depicting the "Whore of Babylon" from the Book of Revelation . Micah chides the people of his time for preferring a preacher who will preach of wine and strong drink (Mic 2:11). Justin Martyr around A.D. 150 described the Lords Supper in this way: Bread is brought, and wine and water, and the president sends up prayers and thanksgiving (Apology I, 67, 5). The Nazirites excluded as part of their ascetic regimen not only wine, but also vinegar, grapes, and raisins, though when Nazirites completed the term of their vow they were required to present wine as part of their sacrificial offerings and could drink of it. It was the common drink of the people and did not produce intoxication. And Adam Clarke, commenting on Genesis 40:11, wrote, From this we find that wine anciently was the mere expressed juice of the grape without fermentation. Different methods of filtration were tried. Viticulture soon became the most important agricultural activity in Pal. and that therefore whenever the Bible mentions wine, it is referring to the alcoholic beverage commonly called wine today. The people indeed are everywhere very sober in hot climates; a drunken person, in fact, is never seen", (Geikie's Life of Christ). It was basicallyrequired in the ancient world to dilute your wine with a little bit of water to round it out, and you were seen as a barbarian if you didnt do so. Precise translations for the Hebrew words are elusive since we do not know exactly how they differ from each other, but translators regularly use terms such as 'wine', 'new wine', 'spiced wine' and 'sweet wine'. Pretty awesome winemaking system for antiquity, right? We must treat our bodies with respect. Get the latest in beer, wine, and cocktail culture sent straight to your inbox. The vintage is referred to in connection with the Feast of Booths (Deut 16:13). The first miracle of Jesus' public ministry was transforming water into fine wine at a wedding in Cana. It was then placed in the upper one of the two vats or receptacles of which the winepress was formed, and was subjected to the process of "treading," which has prevailed in all ages in Oriental and south European countries. Uses of wine in the Biblical world. 1) One method involved boiling the juice and reducing it to a syrup that could later be diluted with water. Oil mixed with wine was a common remedy in the ancient world to cleanse wounds and assuage their pain. The real undesirable possibilities in the abuse of wine led to the prohibitions against its use by Nazirites and also priests when performing their duties (Lev 10:9; Num 6:3; Ezek 44:21). They would keep the trodden grapes skins and use themlater. Wine was also used as a symbol of blessing and judgement throughout the Bible. The drinking of wine was sometimes accompanied by singing (Isa 24:9). In concluding this brief article I would like to emphasize two points. While some deuterocanonical books may have been originally written in Hebrew or the Aramaic language, some were written in Greek. In Christ alone there is deliverance from . In Proverbs 20:1 Wine (yyn) is a mocker, strong drink (shkr) a brawler (cf. He blessed the wine and instructed the men to drink from it. 23:20, 21). This was usually cut out of the solid rock and lined with mortar. ( John 2:3 ) Under the Mosaic law wine formed the usual drink offering that accompanied the daily sacrifice, ( Exodus 29:40 ) the presentation of the first-fruits, ( Leviticus 23:13 ) and other offerings. Easton's Bible Dictionary says, "The sin of drunkenness must have been not uncommon in the olden times, for it is mentioned either metaphorically or literally more than seventy times in the Bible,"[17][105] though some suggest it was a "vice of the wealthy rather than of the poor. The only method our documents know about raising the alcoholic level is to augment the sugar content of grapes by drying them in the sun before they are processed for fermentation. Copy. There is reference to the wine which cheers gods and men (Judg 9:13; cf. Hosea 4:11 says that both yyn and tirsh take away the understanding (cf. 31:4, 6). Sometimes the vines were permitted to climb along the branches of a tree (Ezek 19:11) and in some areas the vines are grown over a trellis providing a cool place where a man could sit under his vine (1 Kings 4:25). All references from Muraoka index in Hatch and Redpath, p. 358 (appendix). The additional vats would allow for the settling of the must in the intermediate levels before the wine entered the final one. The Rechabites lived as noteworthy examples of permanent abstinence from wine, adhering strictly to the command of their ancestor, Jonadab, to refrain from it (see Jeremiah 35:1-8, 14). For usage information, please read the Baker Book House Copyright Statement. Wine made from white grapes would probably be amber in color from oxygen exposure and interaction from the must. white wines. (Ezra 6:9; 7:22; Dan 5:1, 2, 4, 23). Whats easier to wrap your head around is how wine was made back in the day. Leaders in the church are exhorted to practice temperance (1 Tim 3:3, 8). Salem Media Group. In Genesis 43:11 this word is rendered "honey." The wines of antiquity were more like sirups; many of them were not intoxicant; many more intoxicant in a small degree; and all of them, as a rule, taken only when largely diluted with water. ", "The Conflicted History of Alcohol in Western Civilization", "Smith's Bible Dictionary Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Reformed Theology and Apologetics Connecting Christians to the Christ of Scripture", "Easton's Bible Dictionary Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, Volume 2 Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Systematic Theology Volume III Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Alcohol consumption - Alcohol and society", "Commentary on the Whole Bible Volume III (Job to Song of Solomon) | Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "biblicalhorizons No. Kaiser and Garrett: "Then as now, there were many varieties of wine, including red, white and mixed wines. To complete the vineyard the husbandman hewed out a wine vat in it (Isa 5:2). Winemakers in Israel have been working to find the varieties used in antiquity through DNA testing and archeological digs. Besides its customary use, wine was important in various special occasions and for particular reasons. The regulations required that the vineyards were to lie fallow in the year of the sabbath (Exod 23:10, 11; Lev 25:3-5). The Mishna [a collection of oral Jewish traditions] states that the Jews were in the habit of drinking boiled wine (Kittos Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature, vol. The winemaking process began with structures built from stone in the vineyards. [108][109][110][111] Some argue that the latter instructions regarding the perishing should be understood as sarcasm when compared with the preceding verses,[112] while others contend the beer and wine are intended as a cordial to raise the spirits of the perishing,[110][111] while some suggest that the Bible is here authorizing alcohol as an anesthetic. What is important for us to note is that before wine was drunk it was mixed with water. All references from Muraoka index in Hatch and Redpath, p. 260 (appendix). This represented a variety of wines referred to as mixed or mingled wine. It was a specific reference to comparatively fresh grape juice which was not fully aged. Have something to add about this? It, too, would be harsh and juicy, with less tannin but enough to really go well with the local foods. Certain persons were forbidden in the Hebrew Bible to partake of wine because of their vows and duties. New International Version (NIV), Encyclopedia of The Bible Vine, Vineyard. One of the original sections of 1 Esdras describes a debate among three courtiers of Darius I of Persia over whether wine, the king, or women (but above all the truth) is the strongest. The original versions of the books of the Bible use several different words for alcoholic beverages: at least 10 in Hebrew, and five in Greek. At the great banquet given by King Ahasuerus, the wine given to each guest according to Jewish tradition was from the kings home province and of the vintage of the year of his birth (Esth 1:3, 7). In addition to wine the Hebrews also made use of what they called debash , which was obtained by boiling down must to one-half or one-third of its original bulk. 5:11), it can be used to uncover the shame of Noah (Gn. The moderate and appropriate use of wine is recommended to Timothy by Paul, No longer drink only water, but use a little wine for the sake of your stomach and your frequent ailments (1 Tim 5:23). There were many other mixtures of wine. Padua: Sargon srl, 1994. 20:1] practices, but because of their commitment to a nomadic lifestyle by not being bound to any particular piece of land. 1) One method involved boiling the juice and reducing it to a syrup that could later be diluted with water. ", "1 Timothy 5 Bible Commentary John Gill's Exposition of the Bible", "Commentary on Timothy, Titus, Philemon Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Adam Clarke's Bible Commentary 1 Timothy 5", "The Use of "Wine" in the Old Testament, by Robert Teachout Faith Saves", http://kentbrandenburg.blogspot.com/2009/12/not-given-to-much-wine-and-abstaining.html, Ross, Thomas D., "And be not drunk with wine, but be filled with the Spirit," in, "The Life of the Farmer: Land Use and Crops", "The Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon (based on the Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon)", Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States, Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, Short-term effects of alcohol consumption, List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita, Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States, List of countries with alcohol prohibition, Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility, Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Bible&oldid=1158554828, Pages with numeric Bible version references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "strong drink"; "denotes any inebriating drink with about 710 percent, "wine"; the word "conveys the idea of 'foaming,' as in the process of fermentation, or when poured out. But aside from this pretty exciting DNA project, its tough to know what your favorite Bible character might have had in his wine glass. ( Genesis 40:11 ; Isaiah 63:2 Isaiah 63:3 ) The expressed juice escaped by an aperture into the lower vat, or was at once collected in vessels. Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. He saw nothing intrinsically evil in wine. While John the Baptist adopted such a regimen, Jesus did not during his three years of ministry.[128]. To aid in further maturing the wine and to guard against undesirable thickening on the lees it was periodically poured from one vessel to another. It was the custom in Talmudic times to give ten cups of wine to mourners with the meal of consolation (Prov 31:6). In a most important reference (Pesahim 108b) it is stated that the four cups every Jew was to drink during the Passover ritual were to be mixed in a ratio of three parts water to one part wine. It could not be new wine in the proper sense of the term, inasmuch as about eight months must have elapsed between the vintage and the feast of Pentecost. Wine is the most common alcoholic beverage mentioned in biblical literature, where it is a source of symbolism, [2] and was an important part of daily life in biblical times. But because of the must added, the residual sugar levels would be higher, which would addjuicy roundness to the harshness. ( Solomon 8:2 ) In Palestine the vintage takes place in September, and is celebrated with great rejoicing. Homer (Odyssey IX, 208f.) How can you claim that drinking alcoholic beverages is wrong?" Lengthy books have attempted to answer this question, but here is a brief reply. The Israelites are said to have taken over this industry. The gleanings were to be left for the needy. Alcoholic beverages appear in the Hebrew Bible, after Noah planted a vineyard and became inebriated. baled out). Its pretty exciting stuff. [2][3][4] Additionally, the inhabitants of ancient Israel drank beer, and wines made from fruits other than grapes, and references to these appear in scripture. , H3516. : Ben Sira discusses the use of wine in several places, emphasizing joy, prudence, and common sense. Sometimes these wine presses had a trellis built over them with ropes hanging down to hold onto while stomping around. "Jesus drank wine," people tell us. Drinking a cup of strong wine to the dregs and getting drunk are sometimes presented as a symbol of God's judgement and wrath,[136] and Jesus alludes this cup of wrath, which he several times says he himself will drink. Happy results ensue when it is drunk in its proper measure and evil results when it is drunk to excess. [5] However, the alcoholic content of ancient alcoholic beverages were significantly lower than modern alcoholic beverages. All references from Muraoka index in Hatch and Redpath, p. 361 (appendix). But besides this common Hebrew word, there are several others which are thus rendered. Wine also figures prominently as a desirable gift for important people as when David received skins of wine from Abigail (1 Sam 25:18) and Ziba (2 Sam 16:1). [130][131] Positively, free wine is used as a symbol of divine grace, and wine is repeatedly compared to intimate love in the Song of Solomon. "fruit of the vine" the only New Testament term to describe the contents of the cup at the Last Supper. After the grapes were trodden, the husks that remained were pressed by means of a wooden plank, one end of which was secured to a socket in the side of the vat and the other end weighted with stones. ", principal alcoholic beverage of the ancient Israelites, "Does Approval of the Use of New Testament Wine Justify Use of Modern Alcoholic Beverages? They were prepared with different kinds of herbs after the manner of the non-Israelite peoples of the Near E and were much more intoxicating than the regular wine. 5:23). The prophet Isaiah describes the procedure usually followed in the cultivation of a vineyard (Isa 5:1-4). [10][11][12][13] The relationships between Judaism and alcohol and Christianity and alcohol have generally maintained this same tension, though some modern Christian sects, particularly American Protestant groups around the time of Prohibition, have rejected alcohol as evil. Others derive it from a root meaning "to tread out," and hence the juice of the grape trodden out. Yet the Bible was not written to evangelicals living in the twentieth century. To tread out, '' and hence the juice of the vine '' the only Testament! Kaiser and Garrett: `` Then as now, there are several others which are thus rendered ;. Tractate ( Shabbath 77a ) states that wine that does not carry three parts of water well is of... 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