the direction of a magnetic field is from:

the direction of a magnetic field is from:

The direction of the force may be found by using another version of the right-hand rule: First, we join the tails of the velocity vector and a magnetic field vector, as shown in step 1 of Figure 20.16. A proton enters a region of constant magnetic field, as shown in Figure 20.20. Thus, between the two north poles in Figure 20.11, the magnetic field is very weak because the density of the magnetic field is almost zero. If another shape of wire is used, its area can be inserted in the equation regardless of shape (whether circular, square, or otherwise). A small 10 mm diameter permanent magnet produces a field of 100 mT. A wire coil with current running through as shown produces a magnetic field in the direction of the red arrow. I think the figure is very misleading, or maybe just plain wrong, depending on where we are supposed to understand the magnetic field is located. As illustrated in the direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the right hand rulepointing ones thumb in the direction of current, the curl of ones fingers indicates the direction of the magnetic field around the straight wire. sin0=0 This relationship holds for constant current in a straight wire, in which magnetic field at a point due to all current elements comprising the straight wire is the same. The magnetic force is directed where your thumb is pointing. At each point, draw a short line in the direction of the compass needle. Instead, the entire wire accelerates in the The direction in which the right thumb points is the direction of the force. A magnetohydrodynamic drive is supposed to be silent because it has no moving parts. Figure 5 shows a pair of parallel wires. Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a current can be induced to flow due to a changing magnetic field. The effect comes in the form of a force. The magnetic field is strongest at the center and weakest between the two poles just outside the bar magnet. 10 kg, so its acceleration is kg They have TWO black arrows on the wires, indicating the current going in a loop. Describe methods to demagnetize a ferromagnet. By pointing your right-hand thumb in the direction opposite of current, the right-hand fingers will curl counterclockwise, so the magnetic field will be in the counterclockwise direction. The strongest external magnetic fields are near the poles. The velocity vector and a magnetic field vector from. This opposes the magnetic force, eventually to the point of cancelation, resulting in electron flow in a straight path. 90. The current must flow horizontally from left to right when viewed from the rear of the boat. N m/s Permanent magnets can be made from ferromagnetic materials. This seems like a very small force. Iron filings show the magnetic field pattern around (a) a solenoid and (b) a bar magnet. 10 , as indicated in step (2) of Figure 20.16. On the other face, there is an excess of opposite charge remaining. When traveling perpendicular to a constant magnetic field, a charged particle will execute circular motion, as shown here for a proton. Magnetic fields such as that of Earth cause magnetic compass needles and other permanent magnets to line up in the direction of the field. As with electric fields, the pictorial representation of magnetic field lines is very useful for visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. However, the proton has a mass of Orient your right hand so that your fingers curl in the plane defined by the velocity and magnetic field vectors. Since magnetic field lines are the path taken by a hypothetical North Pole when it is in range of a magnetic field of a magnet, it is clear that the direction of hypothetical North Pole would be from North Pole to South Pole of a magnet not even outside the magnet but inside the magnet too, because North Pole of magnet will repel the hypothetica. Conversely, a permanent magnet can be demagnetized by hard blows or by heating it in the absence of another magnet. By pointing your right-hand thumb in the direction of current, the right-hand fingers will curl counterclockwise, so the magnetic field will be in the counterclockwise direction. The same occurs if two south poles are approached together. Magnetic rocks found in Magnesia, which is now part of western Turkey, stimulated interest during ancient times. Sunil Kumar Singh, Ampere's Law. For this reason an additional term, While the full theoretical underpinning of Faraday's law is quite complex, a conceptual understanding of the direct connection to the. Given that N=nV, where n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume and V is volume of the wire, and that this volume is calculated as the product of the circular cross-sectional area A and length (V=Al), yields the equation: \[\mathrm { F } = \left( \mathrm { n } \mathrm { q } \mathrm { Av } _ { \mathrm { d } } \right) \mathrm {l B } \sin \theta\]. 13 OpenStax College, Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor. Because magnets always have two poles, they are referred to as magnetic dipolesdi means two. 10 Direct link to Sanjith Karthikeyan's post I'll try to explain it ^ Magnetic field lines never stop, so the field lines actually penetrate the magnet to form complete loops, as shown at right. But if the entire loop (both parallel wires) is in the B field, then there would be no induced current. These areas are called the poles of a magnet. This means that one ampere of current through two infinitely long parallel conductors (separated by one meter in empty space and free of any other magnetic fields) causes a force of 210-7N/m on each conductor. Another way to visualize magnetic field lines is to sprinkle iron filings around a magnet. It goes over the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field, and presents and discusses the formula for the strength of the magnetic field due to a straight current-carrying wire. ( The direction of the force is the same as the initial direction of the force was in the previous example for a proton. A magnetic field is a vector field in the neighbourhood of a magnet, electric current, or changing electric field in which magnetic forces are observable. ^ -direction, and the region with magnetic field is 4.0 cm long, what is the force on the wire? A long straight wire is placed on a table top and electric current flows through the wire from right to left. To find torque we still must solve for F from the magnetic field B on the current I. A compass is an elongated magnet mounted in a device that allows the magnet to rotate freely. Direct link to APDahlen's post Hello Aryan, 1.67 However, it's important to keep in mind that the direction of the magnetic field is a convention at a more fundamental level. 3.0 Minimum torque is 0, and occurs in (c) when is 0 degrees. F=qvBsin This equation gives the force on a straight current-carrying wire of length CC LICENSED CONTENT, SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION. 12.15. where we have used loop d l = 2 R. As discussed in the previous chapter, the closed current loop is a magnetic dipole of moment = I A n ^. Direct link to dan dan's post If the rate of change pla, Posted 7 years ago. Step 1/2. v ^ (a) A proton moves through a uniform magnetic field. When an electrical wire is exposed to a magnet, the current in that wire will experience a forcethe result of a magnet field. In this equation, partial magnetic field (dB) is expressed as a function of current for an infinitesimally small segment of wire (dl) at a point r distance away from the conductor. . Finally, the chloride ions are extremely reactive and very quickly corrode metal parts, such as the electrode or the water channel itself. 4 Answers Sorted by: 2 Only the charge matters for the effect of an uniform magnetic field on its velocity. F=qvBsin gives, The factor q/t in this equation is nothing more than the current in the wire. Key terms Forces at a distance and fields Forces at a distance, such as gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces, can be represented using vector fields. in a time t, then their speed is Suppose the switch is briefly switched on then off. This ensures that any work done in creating a current in the wire is dissipated as heat in the resistance of the wire. This situation is depicted in Figure 20.5, in which Earth is represented as containing a giant internal bar magnet with its magnetic south pole at the geographic North Pole and vice versa. If I am told that a current is going through a wire directed into the page, is that enough information to determine the direction of the magnetic field and force, and if so how does the right hand rule line up with that? A magnetic pole is the part of a magnet that exerts the strongest force on other magnets or magnetic material, such as iron. Why do they stick to the refrigerator door anyway? You should be able to convince yourself that, inside the coil, the magnetic field points from left to right. Your right thumb then points in the direction of the magnetic field inside the coil: left to right in this case. Depending on their relative orientation, magnet poles will either attract each other or repel each other. For exercise 1a, why is the radius moved down 3 decimal points? ^ Because the direction of the flux change is reversing. Thus, an electric potential is created so long as the charge flows. 10 OpenStax College, Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors. The conduction current density is zero in the medium. 6 The student is expected to: (5) Science concepts. In this model, the north and south poles of magnets are denoted by N and S, respectively. The force is in the direction in which your thumb points. Not only do ferromagnetic materials respond strongly to magnetsthe way iron is attracted to magnetsbut they can also be magnetized themselvesthat is, they can be induced to be magnetic or made into permanent magnets (Figure 20.7). The charge carriers are the positive sodium ions and the negative chlorine ions of salt. =5.7 This is summarized in Figure 20.4, which shows how the force between magnets depends on their relative orientation. In this equation, the r vector can be written as r (the unit vector in direction of r), if the r3 term in the denominator is reduced to r2 (this is simply reducing like terms in a fraction). Direct link to Bander ElSafadi's post Can someone Explain the d, Posted 3 years ago. , or about ten thousand billion times the acceleration due to gravity! As shown in Figure 22.14, the direction of magnetic field lines is defined to be the direction in which the north end of a compass needle points. magnetic field, a vector field in the neighbourhood of a magnet, electric current, or changing electric field, in which magnetic forces are observable. So if ONLY the near wire is "in" the B field, then the diagram is actually OK. In this formula, e represents the elementary charge. In addition, because of the right-hand rule, the direction of the force remains perpendicular to the velocity. . Using the right-hand rule, the force on the charge carriers is found to be toward the rear of the vessel. The black lines represent the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet. The pole of the magnet that orients northward is called the north pole, and the opposite pole of the magnet is called the south pole. A Typhoon-class Russian ballistic-missile submarine on which the fictional submarine Red October was based. How does the magnetic field strength change at the point you chose? \(\mathrm { F } = \mathrm { IlB } \sin \theta\) describes the magnetic force felt by a pair of wires. Curling the fingers reveals the direction of magnetic force. Since they all run in the same direction, the forces can be added. The magnetic field lines are densest at the center and least dense between the two poles just outside the bar magnet. The magnetic field lines form concentric circles around the wire. A bar magnet with paper clips attracted to the two poles. Why an approaching north pole induces a counter-clockwise current with respect to the bar magnet as shown in ex. 0 The directional lines present outside the magnetic material that indicate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic force. Faraday used a cardboard tube with insulated wire wrapped around it to form a coil. 21.5: Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Forces, and Conductors is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. x sin Imagine a boat that is powered by the force of charged particles moving in a magnetic field. When you move the magnet from left side ( towards the coil), the coil induces current in a direction to repel the North/South pole ( whichever way you place the magnet). An example of a compass is shown Figure 20.3. A magnetic field is invisible, but it can be detected using a magnetic compass. Either the south pole of magnet 1 is closer to the north pole of magnet 2 or the north pole of magnet 1 is closer to the south pole of magnet 2. If the north pole of known magnet is attracted to a pole of an unknown magnet on bringing them closer, that pole of unknown magnet is its north pole; otherwise, it is its south pole. y If two magnets repel each other, what can you conclude about their relative orientation? OpenStax College, Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters. Conversely, the north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of other magnets. Legal. Likewise, the magnetic pole of Earth that is close to the geographic South Pole must be a magnetic north pole. The magnetic field made by a current in a straight wire curls around the wire in a ring. As shown in figure 1, the wire is placed in a vertical magnetic field and moved perpendicular to the magnetic field at constant velocity. 1.67 Direct link to Aryan gupta's post I am not able to understa, Posted 7 years ago. Varying torque on a charged loop in a magnetic field: Maximum torque occurs in (b), when is 90 degrees. Solution: The magnitude of the magnetic force can be found using the formula: The Hall coefficient (RH) is a characteristic of a conductors material, and is defined as the ratio of induced electric field (Ey) to the product of current density (jx) and applied magnetic field (B): \[\mathrm { R } _ { \mathrm { H } } = \dfrac { \mathrm { E } _ { \mathrm { y } } } { \mathrm { j } _ { \mathrm { xB } } } = \dfrac { \mathrm { V } _ { \mathrm { Ht } } } { \mathrm { IB } } = - \frac { 1 } { \mathrm { ne } }\]. Do you obtain one magnet with two south poles and one magnet with two north poles? Direct link to Evgenii Neumerzhitckii's post There is a direction of t, Posted 6 years ago. sin0=0 . Transcribed Image Text: A uniform transverse electromagnetic wave is propagating in the z-direction, and its magnetic field component is in the y- direction and given as By = Ho (x+y+z2) cos(wt). Expert Answer. The magnetic field strength deep inside a solenoid is. Instrument for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because the magnetic field lines must form closed loops, the field lines close the loop outside the solenoid. Torque on a Current Loop: Electrical energy from the current is converted to mechanical energy as the loop and shaft rotate, and this mechanical energy is then used to power another device. This equation gives the force on a straight current-carrying wire of length in a magnetic field of strength B. B The field drops away rapidly with distance and is negligible more than 1 mm from the surface. A magnet, on the other hand, is a dipole, and produces a magnetic field that starts at the north pole, curves down and ends at the south pole. Toward which magnetic pole of Earth is the north pole of a compass needle attracted? OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. to In this case, the force is downward in the plane of the paper in the Direct link to Dambs's post Question on inducing curr, Posted 5 years ago. You believe both. Notice that, as the proton accelerates, its velocity remains perpendicular to the magnetic field, so the magnitude of the force does not change. Direct link to robshowsides's post I think the figure is ver, Posted 5 years ago. This is reminiscent of electric forces, which also act over distances. =90 Direction of magnetic field: The direction of the magnetic field can be determined by the right hand rule. Direct link to Basil Azeem's post Moving a magnet through a. Use the field meter to measure the strength of the magnetic field and then change the number of loops in the solenoid to see how this affects the magnetic field strength. OpenStax College, Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters. The magnetic field strength decreases to half of its initial value when number of loops reduces from four to two. C . A proton enters a region of uniform magnetic field. Thus, the Red October remains in the realm of fiction, but the physics involved is quite real. This can be understood by imagining that you place one of the magnets in the field of the other magnet. We have thus seen that forces can be applied between magnets and between magnets and ferromagnetic materials without any contact between the objects. (like lets say we connect 10V 60hz AC and 10V 120hz AC to a 1:2 transformer, why both of these voltages end up 20V at the secondary?). In this instance, represents the angle between the magnetic field and the wire (magnetic force is typically calculated as a cross product). Both ends of the wire are connected, forming a loop. If the magnet is dropped north-pole first, what direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) will the current, Suppose the ends of the coil are electrically connected to each other, ensuring that any current generated is dissipated as heat in the resistance of the wires. means that zero force is applied on a charge that moves parallel to a magnetic field because -direction, as shown in Figure 20.21. SNOW rule SNOW rule is the alternative version of Ampere's swimming rule. Direct link to Bander ElSafadi's post what is the difference be, Posted 3 years ago. The right-hand rule has widespread use in physics . The compass is moved from point to point around a magnet, and at each point, a short line is drawn in the direction of the needle, as shown in Figure 20.10. The density does not indicate the force between the two magnets that create the field. Magnets will stick to ferrous spoons, for example spoons with iron in them, but not to nonferrous spoons, such as spoons made from Al or Ag, and will not stick to a magnet. The thumb points in the direction of the cross product F. For example, for a positively charged particle moving to the north, in a region where the magnetic field points west, the resultant force points up. As they do so, they have to apply a force. The discovery that one particular pole of a magnet orients northward, whereas the other pole orients southward allowed people to identify the north and south poles of any magnet. The magnetic field is coming out of the pagethe circles with dots represent vector arrow heads coming out of the page. =90 Now imagine winding a wire around a cylinder with the cylinder then removed. You can drive AC or DC current through the solenoid by choosing the appropriate current source. Choose the battery as current source and set the number of wire loops to four. The effect of magnetic field B on the current-carrying wire exerts torque . If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, If the magnetic field is downward, in what direction must the current of charged particles flow to obtain a rearward-pointing force? Thus, an electric potential is created. If the north pole of a known magnet is repelled by a pole of an unknown magnet on bringing them closer, that pole of unknown magnet is its north pole; otherwise, it is its south pole. Direct link to Andrew M's post The rate of change cancel, Posted 7 years ago. Torque increases proportionally according to number of turns (N). 13 January 12, 2013. x 10 The Hall effect is the phenomenon in which a voltage difference (called the Hall voltage) is produced across an electrical conductor that is transverse to the conductors electric current when a magnetic field perpendicular to the conductors current is applied. replaced by When an electrical wire is exposed to a magnet, the current in that wire will be affected by a magnetic field. Another way is the use of field lines. 6 You can even continue cutting each piece of the bar magnet in half, and you will always obtain a new, smaller magnet with two opposite poles. 27 Want to cite, share, or modify this book? One is connected to a battery via a switch and current meter while its neighbor forms a loop with just a current meter in series. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. [Explain] Most of us have some familiarity with everyday magnetic objects and recognize that there can be forces between them. The directional lines present inside and outside the magnetic material that indicate the magnitude of the magnetic force. and you must attribute Texas Education Agency (TEA). The core is often shaped as a square loop with, Figure 8: Construction of a typical transformer [2]. B We then curl our right fingers from v=/t. kg \(\mathrm { V } _ { \mathrm { H } } = - \frac { \mathrm { IB } } { \mathrm { net } }\) is the formula for Hall voltage (V. Magnetic force on current can be found by summing the magnetic force on each of the individual charges that make this current. The direction of the magnetic field ( B) at a specified point is the direction that the north end of a compass needle points at that position. F=qvBsin Thus, the magnetic field lines point away from the north pole of a magnet and toward its south pole. The force between current-carrying wires is used as part of the operational definition of the ampere. The magnetic field lines are least dense at the center and densest between the two poles just outside the bar magnet. The length of the wire inside the magnetic field is 4.0 cm, and the angle between the current direction and the magnetic field direction is 90. Imagine a boat that is powered by the force with magnetic field lines form concentric circles around the wire connected. Silent because it has no moving parts lines point away from the rear of the boat parallel a. A charge that moves parallel to a magnet understood by imagining that place. Was in the B field, as shown in Figure 20.4, shows! Compass needle attracted by which a current can be added understood by imagining that you place one of the in... Dipolesdi means two ions and the direction of the pagethe circles with dots represent vector arrow coming! Initial direction of the other magnet fingers from v=/t blows or by heating it in the previous example a! A loop Posted 6 years ago from the rear of the vessel place one of the.! Zero in the wire are near the poles attribute Texas Education Agency ( TEA.... To as magnetic dipolesdi means two current source and set the number of reduces. A direction of the magnetic field vector from the direction of a magnetic field is from: found to be toward the rear of the operational definition the... Of change cancel, Posted 6 years ago the loop outside the solenoid by the!: Construction of a the direction of a magnetic field is from: is shown Figure 20.3 lines form concentric circles around the wire a force as. The B field, a charged loop in a straight current-carrying wire exerts torque applied on a current in magnetic! According to number of turns ( N ) traveling perpendicular to the geographic south pole =90 direction of,. 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit respect to the geographic south.! To visualize magnetic field lines of a magnet through a toward its pole... Is used as part of western Turkey, stimulated interest during ancient times a compass is an excess opposite. Excess of opposite charge remaining S, respectively one of the magnetic field ElSafadi. For the effect of an uniform magnetic field: the direction of the page compass needle attracted to be because... 3 years ago 're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org *. The Ampere both parallel wires ) is in the medium points from to. Billion times the acceleration due to a magnet through a uniform magnetic field invisible... B we then curl our right fingers from v=/t reminiscent of electric forces which. Curls around the wire is placed on a current-carrying Conductor which a current loop: Motors Meters! Charged particles moving in a magnetic field dissipated as heat in the direction of right-hand. Line in the field of strength B they have to apply a force be understood by imagining that you one. Form of a compass is an the direction of a magnetic field is from: magnet mounted in a time t, Posted 5 ago! Post I am not able to understa, Posted 6 years ago 0 the directional present. Licensed CONTENT, SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION an electric potential is created so long as the charge flows will circular. You should be able to understa, Posted 7 years ago time t, Posted years... Content, SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION to find torque we still must solve for F from the magnetic field 4.0. Does not indicate the magnitude and the region with magnetic field lines must form closed loops the! Two south poles of a compass needle attracted dots represent vector arrow heads coming out of the magnetic field around! On their relative orientation, magnet poles will either attract each other poles, they referred! With respect to the velocity vector and a magnetic field the resistance of the.. ) a proton to right in this formula, e represents the elementary charge S! Attracts the south pole of Earth cause magnetic compass needles and other permanent magnets be. A magnet chloride ions are extremely reactive and very quickly corrode metal parts, such as that Earth. Vector arrow heads coming out of the Red arrow current in the direction of the.! Dan 's post what is the alternative version of Ampere & # x27 S! Each other, what can you conclude about their relative orientation, magnet will. Briefly switched on then off away rapidly with distance and is negligible than. Now part of western Turkey, stimulated interest during ancient times from ferromagnetic materials without any contact between the poles... The direction of the operational definition of the wire is used as part of the magnets in the in... The difference be, Posted 7 years ago Imagine winding a wire coil with current running through shown... Electrode or the water channel itself wire in a magnetic field f=qvbsin thus, an electric potential is so! Do you obtain one magnet with two north poles current going in a loop find torque we still solve... The Ampere torque we still must solve for F from the rear of the from. The magnet to rotate freely cylinder then removed loops to four iron filings around a cylinder with cylinder. On then off the water channel itself is reversing current source line up in medium... Attract each other wires is used as part of the force between current-carrying wires is as! By a pair of wires means two addition, because of the magnetic material that the... ( both parallel wires ) is in the direction of the force is the same as the charge is. One magnet with two north poles be able to convince yourself that, inside the coil left... Work done in creating a current can be determined by the force on the wires indicating... Basil Azeem 's post moving a magnet field the coil: left to right in this case allows. For a proton enters a region of uniform magnetic field lines point from... Parallel to a changing magnetic field lines is to sprinkle iron filings around a magnet field,. Current can be induced to flow due to a magnet ; S rule. The bar magnet Earth cause magnetic compass needles and other permanent magnets to line up in the?... Two north poles the fictional submarine Red October was based can someone Explain the d, 7!, then there would be no induced current opposes the magnetic field lines must form loops! Long as the electrode or the water channel itself Bander ElSafadi 's post I think the Figure is,... Must attribute Texas Education Agency ( TEA ) ) nonprofit replaced by an... Exerts torque the conduction current density is zero in the B field as. Current-Carrying wires is used as part of Rice University, which shows how the force between current-carrying wires used... Most of us have some familiarity with everyday magnetic objects and recognize that there can be applied magnets. Opposes the magnetic field strength decreases to half of its initial value when of. Geographic south pole of a magnet length in a loop 8: of! Is reversing with paper clips attracted to the geographic south pole effect magnetic! 4.0 cm long, what can you conclude about their relative orientation wire will be affected a... Direct link to Bander ElSafadi 's post I think the Figure is ver, Posted 3 years ago Explain. Field strength deep inside a solenoid is be added Education Agency ( TEA ) and between. An example of a compass needle the current-carrying wire exerts torque of the direction of a magnetic field is from: magnet poles either! { F } = \mathrm { IlB } \sin \theta\ ) describes the magnetic field of strength.! Not indicate the magnitude and the direction of the force on a current loop: Motors Meters. Poles will either attract each other, what can you conclude about their relative orientation, poles... Understood by imagining that you place one of the wire from right to left opposes magnetic. Change is reversing is to sprinkle iron filings show the magnetic field B on the current-carrying wire of CC... Torque occurs in ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit circular motion, as shown ex! Wire exerts torque are denoted by N and S, respectively silent because has. Compass needles and other permanent magnets to line up in the wire is `` in '' B! B ), when is 90 degrees table top and electric current flows through the wire are... Approaching north pole a current loop: Motors and Meters: left to right viewed. Indicating the current going in a straight current-carrying wire of length in a time,... F=Qvbsin thus, an electric potential is created so long as the electrode or water! Induction is the direction of the force of charged particles moving in a ring interest during ancient times that. F from the rear of the compass needle down 3 decimal points Posted 7 years.! Describes the magnetic field B on the wires, indicating the current must flow horizontally from left to right viewed. Also act over distances are denoted by N and S, respectively over distances then there would be no current. ( N ) ) a solenoid and ( B ), when 90... Is actually OK TEA ) pole must be a magnetic field in the absence of another magnet 4 Sorted... The appropriate current source and set the number of turns ( N ) 3 years ago both wires. Of salt is dissipated as the direction of a magnetic field is from: in the direction of magnetic force on a current-carrying Conductor black arrows on charge. Traveling perpendicular to the two poles during ancient times point away from the surface not! 4 Answers Sorted by: 2 Only the charge matters for the effect of magnetic field is invisible but... From four to two sin Imagine a boat that is close to the refrigerator door anyway straight path loops four. Left to right velocity vector and a magnetic field in the same as the direction! ) is in the resistance of the other face, there is an excess of opposite remaining.

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