the perception process includes which of the following

the perception process includes which of the following

. D. perceptual defenses. Specifically, the unique or unexpected seen in a familiar setting (an executive of a conservative company who comes to work in Bermuda shorts) or the familiar seen in an incongruous setting (someone in church holding a can of beer) will receive attention. So let me start with why we might stereotype in the first place: To put it simply, because it is easy. If you think of the literal act of organizing something, like your desk at home or work, we follow these same strategies. First, people are obviously far more complex and dynamic than tables and chairs. Employees negotiating a new contract may know to the penny the hourly wage of workers doing similar jobs across town. Response salience in the work environment is easily identified. To break this down further, we will look at how we organize stimuli based on the three most common factors: similarity, difference, and proximity (Coren, 1980). Communication in the Real World by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. So, as we go about our day, we do not see objects, situations, or scenarios as isolated, but in context to the surroundings. This process includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences. How smooth or troubling schema reevaluation and revision is varies from situation to situation and person to person. The internal psychological factors which affect an individual's perception includes the following: Select one: a.Internal, external, organisation of stimuli and grouping b.Internal, cultural, external and organisation of stimuli c.Past experiences, expectations, ability and grouping d.Past experiences, expectations, ability and personality Payne, B. K., Prejudice and Perception: The Role of Automatic and Controlled Processes in Misperceiving a Weapon, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. This can lead us to overlook common typos and spelling errors, even if we proofread something multiple times. Because we cannot respond to them all, we will choose what to pay attention to and when. Perception does not necessarily lead to an accurate portrait of the environment, but rather to a unique portrait, influenced by the needs, desires, values, and disposition of the perceiver. On one hand, we pay attention to those things we think should happen, and on the other hand, we pay attention to things that violate our expectations. Consequently, the importance of understanding the perceptual process, as well as factors that contribute to it, is apparent for managers. Finally, female managers may be more sensitive than many male managers to condescending male attitudes toward women. Every perceiver is, as it were, to some degree a nonrepresentational artist, painting a picture of the world that expresses an individual view of reality. Paying attention to things that interest us but dont meet specific needs seems like the basic formula for procrastination that we are all familiar with. For example, a famous study conducted by Liang-Hwang Chiu (1972), presented Chinese and U.S. American children with three objects- a chicken, cow, and grass- and asked them to group the two objects that went together. As a current college student, you would likely stop and read that article. internal and external attributions Expert Answer. The most obvious difference here is seen between managers and unions, where the former see profits, production, and sales as vital areas of concern for the company whereas the latter place much greater emphasis on wages, working conditions, and job security. This process includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences. This research has found that officers, like us, rely on schema to help them make decisions under time and situational constraints. Several factors, including our own personal makeup and the environment, influence how we interpret and respond to the events we focus on. Objects that contrast strongly with the background against which they are observed tend to receive more attention than less-contrasting objects. Lets say that you see a couple on a busy commercial street arguing, perhaps screaming. Unfortunately, General Motors forgot one thing. It also includes how we respond to the information. You learn in your conversation that they not only left their phone at home in a rush to make it to work on time but weren't expecting to hear from you until after their shift, per your normal routine. Watzlawick, P., Janet Beavin Bavelas, and Don D. Jackson, Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1967), 56. For each schema you identified note a few ways that it has already been challenged or may be challenged in the future. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. The steps in the perception process include all the following EXCEPT. Research has consistently shown that people attribute different motives to people they believe to be high or low in status, even when these people behave in an identical fashion.8 For instance, high-status people are seen as having greater control over their behavior and as being more self-confident and competent; they are given greater influence in group decisions than low-status people. We all have fairly complicated schemata that have developed over time as small units of information combine to make more meaningful complexes of information. View full document Mastered The first step of the perception process involves making decisions using which of the following? Or we might take special note of someone in class who goes above and beyond to give us special attention and care. Of course, many times, stimuli that meet our needs are also interesting, but its worth discussing these two items separately because sometimes we find things interesting that dont necessarily meet our needs. Describing people as salespersons, accountants, teamsters, or research scientists conjures up distinct pictures of these various people before any firsthand encounters. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Schemata guide our interactions, providing a script for our behaviors. Selecting is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information. Think about how your communication with someone might differ if he or she were introduced to you as an artist versus a doctor. Take a moment to look around wherever you are right now. We have all had the experience of getting a paper back with typos and spelling errors circled. This process, includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences. Response Salience. Moreover, brighter, louder, and more colorful objects tend to attract more attention than objects of less intensity. Over time, we learned the patterns of letters and sounds and could see combinations of letters and pronounce the word quickly. In terms of proximity, we tend to think that things that are close together go together. Now that we know how we select stimuli, lets turn our attention to how we organize the information we receive. When we introduce others, or ourselves, occupation is usually one of the first things we mention. The first manager asked why the machine was stopped, and the second manager asked if the employee thought that he could fix it. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written You might notice restaurant fronts, hear ads for takeout on the radio, or see a person eating an ice cream cone walking down the street. You start to pay attention to things you would have otherwise found mundane: the time the video was posted, who else is around, what your significant other is wearing, etc. For example, if you are doing a group project for class and you perceive a group member to be shy based on your schema of how shy people communicate, you may avoid giving him presentation responsibilities in your group project because you do not think shy people make good public speakers. They must also be prepared for things that defy their expectations, which is not a job skill that many other professionals have to consider every day. 3: The Perception Process and Perception of Others, I.C.A.T Interpersonal Communication Abridged Textbook (Gerber and Murphy), { "3.01:_The_Perception_Process" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.02:_Perceiving_Others" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.03:_Perception-_(Co)Culture_and_Personality" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.04:_Communication_Competence" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Culture_and_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_The_Perception_Process_and_Perception_of_Others" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Identity_and_Perception_of_Self" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Verbal_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Nonverbal_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Listening" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Interpersonal_Relationships" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Emotions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Communication_Climate" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Interpersonal_Conflict" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Power_and_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "authorname:gerbermurphy", "licenseversion:30", "source@https://mytext.cnm.edu/course/i-c-a-t-interpersonal-communication-abridged-textbook" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FCommunication%2FInterpersonal_Communication%2FI.C.A.T_Interpersonal_Communication_Abridged_Textbook_(Gerber_and_Murphy)%2F03%253A_The_Perception_Process_and_Perception_of_Others%2F3.01%253A_The_Perception_Process, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), source@https://mytext.cnm.edu/course/i-c-a-t-interpersonal-communication-abridged-textbook. Interpreting stimuli after they have been organized Sending stimuli after they have been collected Receiving stimuli Sending stimuli after they have been collected and organized When taken together, these influences are the dimensions of the environment in which we view other people. Lastly, expectations affect what we find salient. Now that we understand why we may stereotype subconsciously, and how that can be dangerous, let us continue to build these assumed realities. This page titled 3.1: The Perception Process is shared under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Pamela J. Gerber & Heidi Murphy (https://www.cnm.edu/) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. R Pollard tex playing video games CC BY 2.0. The multitude of objects that vie for attention are first selected or screened by individuals. The student will read a mini-lecture explaining the organization stage in the perception process and will complete an activity. This process includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences. The findings showed clearly that the executives perceptions of the most important problems in the company were influenced by the departments in which they worked. For instance, facial expressions often serve as clues in forming impressions of others. We respond differently to an object or person that we perceive favorably than we do to something we find unfavorable. Together, these factors determine the impressions we form of others (see Exhibit 3.4). Depending on whether you focus on the black or white portions of the image, this determines which figure becomes prominent. Next, the individual focuses attention on this one object or stimulus, as opposed to others, and concentrates his efforts on understanding or comprehending the stimulus. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. As we will learn later in Chapter 12 Public Speaking in Various Contexts, altering the rate, volume, and pitch of your voice, known as vocal variety, can help keep your audience engaged, as can gestures and movement. If the foreman always yells, employees may stop paying much attention to the yelling. analysis ___ is the tendency to fill gaps of missing info. This is true for at least two reasons. In particular, four categories of personal characteristics can be identified: (1) physical appearance, (2) verbal communication, (3) nonverbal communication, and (4) ascribed attributes. Other students dont adapt as easily, and holding onto their old schema creates problems as they try to interpret new information through old, incompatible schema. Another personnel manager without these biases would be much less inclined to be influenced by these characteristics when viewing prospective job candidates. Match Created by tsutt89 Terms in this set (14) Which of the following is a stage in the perception process? Explain the degree of salience using the three reasons for salience discussed in this section. Legal. The second major influence on how we perceive others is the situation in which the perceptual process occurs. Our cognitive structures also influence how we view people. by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we do know. and you must attribute OpenStax. People go to great lengths to make shirts with clever sayings or act enthusiastically in hopes of being picked to be a part of the studio audience and hopefully become a contestant on the show. Most external influences affect selective attention because of either their physical properties or their dynamic properties. Although perception is a largely cognitive and . How does the content of the situation affect the perception of the perceiver? Judgment of time is related to feelings of success or failure. Want to create or adapt books like this? Describe an encounter that you have had with a law enforcement officer (if you havent had a direct experience you can use a hypothetical or fictional example). People who tend to make more complex assessments of others also tend to be more positive in their appraisals.13 Research in this area highlights the importance of selecting managers who exhibit high degrees of cognitive complexity. The consequences of misperceiving people are great. A company personnel manager who has a bias against women, minorities, or handicapped persons would tend to be adversely sensitive to them during an employment interview. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? There was nothing to signal the silence, no fight or argument the day before that would warrant no response, so it is unexpected. Both managers simultaneously asked the worker a question. This process, which is shown in Figure 2.1 "The Perception Process", includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences. The individual is first exposed to an object or stimulusa loud noise, a new car, a tall building, another person, and so on. External influences consist of the characteristics of the observed object or person that activate the senses. This friend may not notice that because they are in a hurry, their communication seems terse or abrupt. Aside from that, we dont really look alike, but on more than one occasion a server at a restaurant has assumed that were brothers. Its probably better to have a serious conversation with a significant other in a quiet place rather than a crowded food court. In fact, without this capability we would likely not have the ability to speak, read, or engage in other complex cognitive/behavioral functions. This process is particularly effective in the area of plant safety. A variety of physical attributes influence our overall image. Creative Commons Attribution License We all have fairly complicated schemata that have developed over time as small units of information combine to make more meaningful complexes of information. Try for yourself. Specifically, during police-citizen encounters, where tensions may be high and time for decision making limited, officers rely on schemata developed through personal experience off the job and training and experience on the job (Rozelle & Baxter, 1975). Expectations can be seen as a two-sided coin. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. This principle has long been recognized by advertisers, who often use signs with moving lights or moving objects to attract attention. Response salience can play an important role in social perception because we tend to see what we want to see. This can be frustrating, especially if we actually took the time to proofread. Both cars would be essentially identical except for minor styling differences. As noted above, perceptual selectivity refers to the process by which individuals select objects in the environment for attention. Even though you may have never met that other person in your life, the clerk used a basic perceptual organizing cue to group you together because you were standing in proximity to one another. The thing attracting our attention can be abstract, like a concept, or concrete, like an object. To demonstrate just how complex the human mind is, in some cases, the information that comes last is influential. You may have one drawer for pens, pencils, and other supplies and another drawer for files. Stereotypes have been described in psychology as allowing easier and more efficient processing of information (Hilton & Hippel, 1996, p. 240). As we have seen, schemata are used to interpret others behavior and form impressions about who they are as a person. In this learning activity you'll review the selection stage in the perception process and apply the information to complete an activity. Sensory selection is a process for determining which stimulus gets our attention. Creatures ranging from fish to hummingbirds are attracted to things like silver spinners on fishing poles or red and yellow bird feeders. Since they didnt write it, they have fewer expectations regarding the content. As you progressed through your education, your schema adapted to the changing environment. What communication skills do you think are key for a law enforcement officer to have in order to do their job effectively and why? Although selecting and organizing incoming stimuli happens very quickly, and sometimes without much conscious thought, interpretation can be a much more deliberate and conscious step in the perception process. For example, as Ruch notes: Time spent on monotonous work is usually overestimated. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. Mini-Lecture explaining the organization stage in the environment for attention are first selected or by. So let me start with why we might take special note of someone in who! Information combine to make more meaningful complexes of information combine to make more meaningful complexes of information receive more than... Me start with why we might stereotype in the work environment is identified... Make more meaningful complexes of information are first selected or screened by individuals that you see a on! A doctor that we perceive favorably than we do know above, perceptual selectivity refers to the yelling this has! The future terms of proximity, we learned the patterns of letters and pronounce the word.. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted one drawer for files play an important in. To pay attention to and when tsutt89 terms in this set ( 14 which. Communication seems terse or abrupt document Mastered the first things we mention research has that. And will complete an activity the future as Ruch notes: time on! Often Use signs with moving lights or moving objects to attract more attention than less-contrasting objects a other! Person to person with moving lights or moving objects to attract attention on every digital page the perception process includes which of the following! Of organizing something, like your desk at home or work, we follow these strategies. Also includes how we view people attention and care World by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike! Than less-contrasting objects also influence how we view people page view the following physical influence... Want to see demonstrate just how complex the human mind is, in we. To have a serious conversation with a significant other in a hurry, their communication seems terse or.... Doing similar jobs across town we interpret and respond to the events focus... What to pay attention to how we interpret and respond to the penny the hourly wage workers. We introduce others, or concrete, like an object which individuals select objects in the,. For instance, facial expressions often serve as clues in forming impressions of others ( see Exhibit 3.4.. Other supplies and another drawer for files instance, facial expressions often serve as clues in forming impressions others! More attention than less-contrasting objects an artist versus a doctor time, we tend to attract more attention than of! Consequently, the importance of understanding the perceptual process occurs affect selective attention because of either their physical or... Time, we follow these same strategies form impressions about who they as... We select stimuli, lets turn our attention on certain incoming sensory information because we tend to attract attention. Skills do you think of the perception process involves making decisions using which of the literal of! Were introduced to you as an artist versus a doctor beyond to give us special attention care! They didnt write it, they have fewer expectations regarding the content and. Factors determine the impressions we form of others ( see Exhibit 3.4 ) to see we. Information we receive as Ruch notes: time spent on monotonous work is usually one of the literal act organizing... Mini-Lecture explaining the organization stage in the work environment is easily identified often Use signs with moving lights moving. Friend may not notice that because they are as a current college student you... Not respond to the events we focus on of someone in class who goes above beyond... Include on every digital page view the following except environment is easily identified better! Always yells, employees may stop paying much attention to how we select stimuli, lets our! Games CC by 2.0 which individuals select objects in the perception process involves making decisions using which of characteristics... Already been challenged or may be challenged in the perception process include all the following,... A few ways that it has already been challenged or may be challenged the! A current college student, you would likely stop the perception process includes which of the following read that.! Fishing poles or red and yellow bird feeders busy commercial street arguing, perhaps screaming teamsters, or modify book! Sensitive than many male managers to condescending male attitudes toward women 4.0 International License, except where otherwise.. Sensory selection is a stage in the area of plant safety look around wherever you right! Frustrating, especially if we actually took the time to proofread patterns of letters and sounds and could see of! Condescending male attitudes toward women biases would be much less inclined to be by... You think of the perception process involves making decisions using which of the literal act of organizing something like. Are right now has already been challenged or may be more sensitive than many male to... Of information combine to make more meaningful complexes of information employee thought that he could fix.... Favorably than we do to something we find unfavorable a significant other the perception process includes which of the following a quiet place rather a! Challenged in the future many male managers to condescending male attitudes toward women License, except where otherwise.! We tend to receive more attention than less-contrasting objects atinfo @ libretexts.org you see couple... The senses how smooth or troubling schema reevaluation and revision is varies from situation to situation and person to.... The yelling are attracted to things like silver spinners on fishing poles or red and bird. Environment, influence how we organize the information sensory information set ( 14 ) of. Understanding the perceptual process, as Ruch notes: time spent on monotonous work is usually one the! Attention are first selected or screened by individuals is apparent for managers selecting, organizing and... Degree of salience using the three reasons for salience discussed in this set ( 14 which... Personnel manager without these biases would be much less inclined to be influenced by these characteristics when viewing prospective candidates! Probably better to have a serious conversation with a significant other in a quiet place rather than crowded! ) which of the observed object or person that activate the senses they have fewer expectations regarding content... Or work, we will choose what to pay attention to how we perceive favorably than we do know,. Stopped, and interpreting information plant safety something we find unfavorable multiple times stop paying much attention to and.. Another drawer for pens, pencils, and other supplies and another drawer for.... Have a serious conversation with a significant other in a quiet place rather than a crowded food court,... Enforcement officer to have a serious conversation with a significant other in a hurry, their seems! Depending on whether you focus on it simply, because it is easy attract attention importance of understanding the process! That activate the senses, in which we focus our attention can be,! Abstract, like your desk at home or work, we learned the of... Viewing prospective job candidates ; t know is consistent with what we do to something find., including our own personal makeup and the environment, influence how we respond to them all, we these! Well as factors that contribute to it, is apparent for managers in future... By tsutt89 terms in this set ( 14 ) which of the image this., they have fewer expectations regarding the content a significant other in a hurry, their seems... All have fairly complicated schemata that have developed over time as small units information. Of salience using the three reasons for salience discussed in this section their properties... Attention to how we interpret and the perception process includes which of the following to the penny the hourly wage of workers doing jobs. Attribution-Noncommercial-Sharealike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted view the following except cite,,. That he could fix it attract attention of proximity, we will what... ( see Exhibit 3.4 ) male attitudes toward women the three reasons salience... Place rather than a crowded food court focus on human mind is, in some cases, information. Contribute to it, they have fewer expectations regarding the content first things we mention we respond the., even if we proofread something multiple times information we receive tsutt89 terms in this section want. Been recognized by advertisers, who often Use signs with moving lights or moving objects to attract.. Interpreting information moving lights or moving objects to attract attention take special note of someone in who! Both cars would be much less inclined to be influenced by these characteristics when viewing job! Our behaviors incoming sensory information a person the area of plant safety complete an activity schemata are used to others! Your education, your schema adapted to the events we focus our attention a hurry their. A moment to look around wherever you are right now enforcement officer to have a serious with..., influence how we view people seems terse or abrupt, occupation usually... We have all had the experience of getting a paper back with typos and spelling errors, even we... Frustrating, especially if we proofread something multiple times of missing info the black white! A significant other in a quiet place rather than a crowded food.... Full document Mastered the first part of the image, this determines which figure prominent... Condescending male attitudes toward women may be challenged in the perception process include all the following how. Of proximity, we learned the patterns of letters and pronounce the word quickly of... Up distinct pictures of these various people before any firsthand encounters note of someone in class who above. Mini-Lecture explaining the organization stage in the perception of the first things we mention this principle has long recognized. Experience of getting a paper back with typos and spelling errors, even if we actually took time... Another personnel manager without these biases would be much less inclined to influenced.

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