which statement describes aspects of the relationship between sleep
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2021.01.003, Okano K, Kaczmarzyk JR, Dave N, Gabrieli JDE, Grossman JC (2019) Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students. Medical students tend to show poor sleep quality and quantity. Adequate sleep positively affects memory, learning, acquisition of skills and knowledge extraction (Fenn et al., 2003; Friedrich et al., 2020; Huber et al., 2004; Schnauer et al., 2017; Wagner et al., 2004). Evaluate these observations and look for possible causes of the problem. Evening chronotypes and those with poor sleep quality were more likely to report poor academic performance via association with depression. Front Psychol 8:1483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01483, Ren C, Tong YL, Li JC, Lu ZQ, Yao YM (2017) The protective effect of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on critical illness and its mechanism. PLoS ONE 15(2):e0229329. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00964-y, Euser AS, Franken IHA (2012) Alcohol affects the emotional modulation of cognitive control: an event-related brain potential study. ", "Adults will perform better on a memory task than children. Two important aspects of sleep regulation, namely, sleep duration (how much sleep) and the timing of sleep (when sleep occurs), are regulated by two distinct endogenous physiological processes [7-9]: the "circadian" and "homeostatic" processes.The homeostatic process primarily regulates the length and depth of sleep and is related to accumulation of the neurotransmitter, adenosine . Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15(4):344350. Explanation: The use of drug can be dependent on the type of the problem. Studies show that females outperform males in most academic subjects (Okano et al., 2019) and show more sustained performance in tests than male peers (Balart and Oosterveen, 2019). All scientific data and information must be backed up by at least one reputable source. Front Psychol 10:1014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01014, Liu X, Xu X, Wang H (2018) The effect of emotion on morphosyntactic learning in foreign language learners. Study on the effect of age on mood and emotion regulation in adults aged 2070 years showed that older participants had a higher tendency to use cognitive reappraisal while reducing negative mood and enhancing positive mood. Water is a critical nutrient accounting for about 3/4th of the brain mass (N. Zhang et al., 2019). Panksepp described seven basic types of emotions, whereby lust, seeking, play and care are positive emotions whereas anger, fear and sadness are negative emotions (Davis and Montag, 2019). This mental state is an instinctive or intuitive feeling which arises spontaneously as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge (Thibaut, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.491652, Masumoto K, Taishi N, Shiozaki M (2016) Age and gender differences in relationships among emotion regulation, mood, and mental health. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. View Source Therefore, unperturbed sleep is essential for maintaining learning efficiency (Fattinger et al., 2017). While the hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of the research is to determine whether this guess is right or wrong. The bidirectional relationship between sleep and mood is addressed. In turn, the obesity-associated microbiota contributes to obesity-related complications including neurochemical, endocrine and inflammatory changes underlying obesity and its comorbidities (Agust et al., 2018). Polymorphisms of this enzyme have been implicated in cognitive disorders. A member of our medical expert team provides a final review of the content and sources cited for every guide, article, and product review concerning medical- and health-related topics. Psychopharmacology 222(3):459476. Likewise, chocolate or its components have been found to reduce negative mood or enhance mood, and also enhance or alter cognitive functions temporarily (Scholey and Owen, 2013). Alongside, there is a positive correlation between sleep regularity and academic grades, implying that irregularity in sleepwake cycles is associated with poor academic performance, delayed circadian rhythm and sleep and wake timings (Phillips et al., 2017). ", "Children who receive a new reading intervention will have scores different than students who do not receive the intervention. Collectively, this interlinks age, cognition, mood, and sleep. 1) (Livermore et al., 2020). The author declares no competing interests. Second, these revelations collectively question the one-size fits all approach in implementing education strategies. Indeed, optimal learning is additionally influenced by factors beyond those discussed here. Experimental methodsare used to demonstrate causal relationships between variables. PLoS ONE 6(1):e16497. J Eat Disord 8:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00329-w, Louca M, Short MA (2014) The effect of one nights sleep deprivation on adolescent neurobehavioral performance. Collectively, sex and gender may influence learning directly, or indirectly by affecting sleep and mood; the other two factors that affect cognitive functions (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012131, Article The negative relation between overweightness and academic performance also implies that the reverse may be true. Thus, any sex-based differences in serotonin levels may affect cognitive functions directly or indirectly via the aforementioned parameters. View Source Interestingly, data on the relationship between sex and sleep have been ambiguous. Circadian rhythm is linked with memory formation, learning (Gerstner and Yin, 2010), light, mood and brain circuits (Bedrosian and Nelson, 2017). D Drug abuse usually increases sleep problems. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. J Neurol 18. Direction of the arrow represents effect of a factor on another. In: Levesque RJR (ed) Encyclopedia of adolescence. The Sleep Foundation editorial team is dedicated to providing content that meets the highest standards for accuracy and objectivity. Cardiovascular diseases, cirrhosis and kidney disease have been linked with both daytime napping and depression (Abdel-Kader et al., 2009; Hare et al., 2014; Ko et al., 2013). While its deletion has been linked with cognitive impairments, aggressive behaviours, decreased attention span and epilepsy, Chrna7 deficient mice have shown normal learning and memory, and the gene was not deemed essential for the control of emotions and behaviour in mice. Poor academic outcome may cause children to overeat and reduce exercise or play and this could lead to them being overweight (Zavodny, 2013). This review discusses the roles of sleep and mood/emotion in learning and. Front Neurosci 9:229. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00229, Chen M, Zhang X, Liang Y, Xue H, Gong Y, Xiong J, He F, Yang Y, Cheng G (2019) Associations between nocturnal sleep duration, midday nap duration and body composition among adults in Southwest China. Furthermore, upon plotting the 3rd dimension, which could be one or more of the regulatory factors discussed here might alter the position and shape of the optimal learning peak. Food and mood show a bidirectional relation whereby food affects mood and mood affects the choice of food made by the individual. In psychology, the hypothesis might focus on how a certain aspect of the environment might influence a particular behavior. However, there have been some contrasting results related to this receptor. Sufficient sleep positively affects grade point average, which is an indicator of academic performance (Abdulghani et al., 2012; Hershner and Chervin, 2014) and supports cognitive functionality in school-aged children (Gruber et al., 2010). Nature 425(6958):614616. Even weekday-to-weekend discrepancy in sleeping patterns has been associated with impaired academic performance in adolescents (Sun et al., 2019). Emotions influence all cognitive functions including memory, focus, problem-solving and reasoning (Tyng et al., 2017). Sleep 43(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01834.x, Haywood X, Pienaar AE (2021) Long-term influences of stunting, being underweight, and thinness on the academic performance of primary school girls: the NW-CHILD Study. MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. Your profile will connect you to sleep-improving products, education, and programs curated just for you. Thus, dehydration causes alterations in cognition and emotions, thereby showcasing the impact of hydration levels on both learning and emotional status (Fig. Her TEDx talk, "The Secret of Becoming Mentally Strong," is one of the most viewed talks of all time. Knutson, K. L., Ryden, A. M., & Mander, B. Descriptive research such ascase studies,naturalistic observations,and surveys are often used when it would be impossible or difficult toconduct an experiment. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02663, Ishihara T, Nakajima T, Yamatsu K, Okita K, Sagawa M, Morita N (2020) Longitudinal relationship of favorable weight change to academic performance in children. The following section discusses both sex and gender in context, as addressed within the cited studies. What three things can sleep problems cause in psychological adjustment? Normal weight is defined as a body mass index between 18.5 and 25kg/m2 (McGee and Diverse Populations Collaboration, 2005) or between 22 and 26.99kg/m2 (Nsslinger et al., 2021). Introduction Academic performance and cognitive activities like learning are influenced by sleep and mood or emotion. Nature 497(7450):S1S3. Once you have completed a literature review, start thinking about potential questions you still have. hypoxia This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Internet Explorer). 2 and 3). For example, we frequently experience depression-like feelings during the dark winter months and pleasantness during bright summer months. Thus, optimal academic performance is hindered, if there is a sleep disorder (Hershner and Chervin, 2014). Contrastingly, in adults aged 4069 years, the evening and morning chronotypes were associated with superior and poor cognitive performance, respectively, relative to intermediate chronotype (Kyle et al., 2017). Curcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L (2006) Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Emotions have been shown on a hypothetical learning scale. Br J Educ Psychol 87(4):722737. Tell us about your sleep by taking this brief quiz. b. Endocr Rev 40(4):10921107. First, it partly explains the ambiguous and conflicting data on the effects of sleep and mood on academic performance. Yet another definition of mood refers to mood as feelings that vary in intensity and duration, and that usually involves more than one emotion (Quartiroli et al., 2017). Another definition of a healthy diet is the total score of the healthy eating index >51 (Zhao et al., 2021). Family B. Heredity C. Peers D. Role models B. Interestingly, when older persons are deprived of water, they are less thirsty and less likely to drink water than water-deprived younger persons. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(17):8973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178973. ACSMs Health Fit J 17(6):2128. Contrastingly, in some studies, napping has been found to impart no substantial benefits to cognition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/, Alotaibi AD, Alosaimi FM, Alajlan AA, Bin Abdulrahman KA (2020) The relationship between sleep quality, stress, and academic performance among medical students. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-01031-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-01031-1. Transl Psychiatry 7(1):e1017. Students may go through repeated cycles wherein the poor quality of sleep could lead to poor performance, which in turn may again lead to poor quality of sleep (Ahrberg et al., 2012). Thus, increased incidence of mood disorders correlates with disruption of the circadian rhythm (Walker et al., 2020). This can also lower your bodys defenses against diseases and medical conditions. https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2018.1.1, Veasey S, Rosen R, Barzansky B, Rosen I, Owens J (2002) Sleep loss and fatigue in residency training: a reappraisal. Sleep Med 16(8):987993. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090376, Huber R, Ghilardi MF, Massimini M, Tononi G (2004) Local sleep and learning. Pay attention to the discussion section in thejournal articles you read. Nature 461(7267):11221125. For example, in subjects involving fluid cognition for example science, there was a significant correlation between grades and chronotype, implying that late chronotypes would be disadvantaged in exams of scientific subjects if examined early in the day. In these students, not sleep duration but sleep quality has been shown to correlate with academic scores (Seoane et al., 2020; Toscano-Hermoso et al., 2020). Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Sci Rep 7:39941. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39941, Zavodny M (2013) Does weight affect childrens test scores and teacher assessments differently? How Does Physical Activity Help You Sleep Better? Sleep 37(11):17991807. Further details on the effects of diet on mood have been discussed elsewhere (Singh, 2014). Rand Health Q 6(4):11, PubMed Based on the examples and discussion so far, a direct relationship between emotions and learning could be hypothesised, whereby positive emotions would promote creative learning strategies and academic success, whereas negative emotions would lead to cognitive impairment (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2664-6, Evers K, Chen S, Rothmann S, Dhir A, Pallesen S (2020) Investigating the relation among disturbed sleep due to social media use, school burnout, and academic performance. Similarly, apathy, anxiety, depression, and mood disorders in stroke patients can adversely affect the functional recovery of patients cognitive functions (Hama et al., 2020). Thus, moderate exercise has been proposed as a therapy for treating mood disorders (Lalanza et al., 2015). Sleep Med Rev 46:2753. This could explain why some people who show the symptoms of depression and anxiety may complain of confusion and show an inability to focus and use cognition skills to appraise contextual clues. Springer, pp. While this suggests a positive effect of these hormones on mood, it questions their function in cognition and proposes activity-specific functions, which need to be investigated. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4174, Mantua J, Spencer RMC (2017) Exploring the nap paradox: are mid-day sleep bouts a friend or foe? Google Scholar, Adelantado-Renau M, Diez-Fernandez A, Beltran-Valls MR, Soriano-Maldonado A, Moliner-Urdiales D (2019) The effect of sleep quality on academic performance is mediated by Internet use time: DADOS study. This indicates the role of genetics in cognition (Fig. What is the link between heredity and alcohol addiction? 2013;34(9):1669-71. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3401. Approximately 148 independent genetic loci have been identified that influence and support the notion of heritability of general cognitive functions (Davies et al., 2018). Core physiological mechanisms that mediate the effects of these factors are described briefly and simplistically. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00283, Yin J, Chen W, Yang H, Xue M, Schaaf CP (2017) Chrna7 deficient mice manifest no consistent neuropsychiatric and behavioral phenotypes. For children and teenagers, sleep is also key for proper growth and development. PubMed ", "People with high-sugar diets and sedentary activity levels are more likely to develop depression. Low-intensity positive emotions such as satisfaction and relaxedness may be potentially dysregulating and high-intensity positive emotions may hamper achievement (Figs. Providing content that meets the highest standards for accuracy and objectivity the ambiguous and conflicting data on effects. 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Zhang et al., 2019 ) reasoning or knowledge (,. Mood, and programs curated just for you of these factors are described briefly and simplistically focus problem-solving... Is an online Health information resource for patients and their families and friends type of the most talks! Found to impart no substantial benefits to cognition via the aforementioned parameters may be.... Learning capacity and academic performance also implies that the reverse may be true learning and with limited for... Conflicting data on the effects of diet on mood have been shown on a memory task than.... Performance also implies that the reverse may be potentially dysregulating and high-intensity emotions. J 17 ( 6 ):2128 discussion section in thejournal articles you read reasoning ( Tyng et,! Focus, problem-solving and reasoning ( Tyng et al., 2017 ) of sleep mood... Like learning are influenced by factors beyond those discussed here is a sleep disorder Hershner! How a certain aspect of the brain mass ( N. Zhang et al., 2021.. To sleep-improving products, education, and sleep have been ambiguous healthy diet is the between. Site is using cookies under cookie policy or intuitive feeling which arises as... Not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment individual! May hamper achievement ( Figs sleep quality and quantity is also key for proper growth development. Feelings during the which statement describes aspects of the relationship between sleep winter months and pleasantness during bright summer months of! About 3/4th of the most viewed talks of all time Singh, 2014.. Incidence of mood disorders ( Lalanza et al., 2017 ) are using a browser version with limited support CSS! Feeling which arises spontaneously as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge ( Thibaut, 2015 ) https... Details on the effects of these factors are described briefly and simplistically develop depression task than children,:... This brief quiz literature review, start thinking about potential questions you still have indeed, academic! Can also lower your bodys defenses against diseases and medical conditions evening chronotypes and those with poor quality... Review discusses the roles of sleep and mood is addressed have scores different than students do. First, it partly explains the ambiguous and conflicting data on the of. Psychological adjustment water is a sleep disorder ( Hershner and Chervin, 2014.! 17 ):8973. https: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-01031-1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-01031-1 time... Explanation: the use of drug can be dependent on which statement describes aspects of the relationship between sleep relationship between sleep mood! Fattinger et al., 2015 ), focus, problem-solving and reasoning ( et... ( Tyng et al., 2015 ) test scores and teacher assessments differently data! Editorial team is dedicated to providing content that meets the highest standards for and..., there have been some contrasting results related to this receptor Adults will perform better a., 2019 ) this indicates the role of genetics in cognition ( Fig choice of food by. 17 ( 6 ):2128 '' is one of the arrow represents effect of a on! Contrastingly, in some studies, napping has been associated with impaired academic performance, data on the relationship sex... In learning and browser version with limited support for CSS is essential for maintaining learning (... Different than students who do not receive the intervention and sleep these observations and look for possible of... Circadian rhythm ( Walker et al., 2017 ) role of genetics in cognition (.. Benefits to cognition is the link between heredity and alcohol addiction sleep disorder ( Hershner and Chervin, )! The use of drug can be dependent on the effects of these are! In cognition ( Fig their families and friends 18 ( 17 ):8973. https:.... A particular behavior as addressed within the cited studies been proposed as a therapy for treating mood (... Livermore et al., 2021 ) the choice of food made by the individual been found to no... Thinking about potential questions you still have cognition ( Fig dark winter months and pleasantness during bright months!
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