why is knife crime increasing in the uk

why is knife crime increasing in the uk

Write an article and. Read more: Studies suggesting no association with risk factors and youth violence might by underrepresented within this review. Knife crime has risen by 9% across the UK, and in London it has increased by 16% in the past two years. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040083. Children and young people are afraid of becoming victims. Aggressive behavior. Meta-analysis was not conducted due to study heterogeneity in methodology and focus. There were 40,829 recorded offences involving a knife or sharp instrument in the 12 months to September 2019 - up 7% from the previous year. Results found individuals who self-reported victimisation were more likely to offend and vice versa, therefore a bidirectional relationship may exist between being a perpetrator and victim of weapon-related crime. But earlier this week Prime Minister Theresa May said there is "no direct correlation" between falling officer numbers and a rise in violent crime. For example, Barlas et al (WOE=H) found young people explained the most common reasons for weapon carrying were: for looking cool, other peoples respect, feeling powerful, and peer admiration [30]. Clement et al identified in a Bristol-based study that 80% of younger offenders had previously been excluded from school, suggesting a link between school exclusion and involvement in violence [19]. For example, results showed migrants and refugees recently entering the UK were at higher risk of victimisation [17] this may be a result of discrimination these individuals face when entering a new community. TB provided help during planning of review and designing systematic review, including identifying search terms and using WHO ecological model for analysis. By using this website, you agree to our https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261003802406. Briggs D. True stories from bare times on road: Developing empowerment, identity and social capital among urban minority ethnic young people in London, UK. 10 Citations 57 Altmetric Metrics Abstract Background Since 2013, the number of violent crimes and offences by sharp instruments have increased continually, following a previous decrease, with majority of cases occurring among young people and in London. In recent years, knife crime in UK communities (especially England) has significantly increased. This may also reduce discrimination within policy efforts, ensuring a holistic approach to mitigate youth violence. How many? Hansen K. Education and the Crime-age Profile. Young men aged 18 to 24 are the most affected. In early 2019, media reports of stabbings and homicides increased dramatically, creating confusion surrounding gangs and their characteristics. Cookies policy. 2006;17(1): 5372. Jay Hughes, 15, died was fatally stabbed outside a chicken shop in Bellingham, south-east London, on 1 November, Malcolm Mide-Madariola, 17, was found suffering from a stab wound outside Clapham South Tube station on 2 November, John Ogunjobi, 16, died in front of his parents after he was stabbed in Greenleaf Close, Tulse Hill, on 5 November, Aron Warren, 18, was found stabbed in a flat block in Greenwich on 8 December and died at the scene, Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in, Please refresh your browser to be logged in, Knife crime in England and Wales increases by largest margin ever. Gangs and youth violence are regularly conflated in mainstream media reports and government policy. Just giving police more power is not the solution academic consensus. Very few of the 40,000 or so police-recorded knife crimes involve murder. During the preliminary synthesis, the thematic analysis was conducted as papers were analysed by searching for risk factors that aligned with the themes developed from the existing WHO concepts [14] (Table 2). A couple of stabbings happen and suddenly theres visits and weapons sweeps and patrol but it needs to be stable, he explained. Weapons carrying in British teenagers: The role of personality, delinquency, sensational interests, and mating effort. A 2006 cross-sectional study, using the Juvenile Attitudes Towards Weapon Scale (derived from the Attitudes Toward Guns and Violence Questionnaire), found that the prevalence of weapon carrying increases with age: 30% for individuals aged 1113years, 38.2% at 1415, 47.4% at 1617, and 52.6% at ages 1819 [30] (WOE=H). Item factor analysis and binomial logistic regression, Looked at SES, living arrangements, age, and gender in relation to weapon carrying, Prevalence of weapon carrying similar between different genders, As age increases likelihood of weapon possession increases, Psychological and behavioural characteristics that distinguish street gang members in custody, 188 individuals from youth offending institution, ANOVA, means, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients, Compared gang youth to non-gang youth divided into four categories: 1) self-identified gang and meeting Eurogang definition 2) self-identified not meeting Eurogang definition 3) Matching Eurogang definition 4) non-gang youth, Evaluated group crime: higher in gang youth, Comparing those who left school at age 16 to those who remained in school, Looked at parent and family contact, household criminality, and school truancy. Therefore, if these themes/risk factors were identified within the paper, the paper was incorporated into Table 2 irrespective of study design. Criminology & Criminal Justice: An International Journal. When we speak to the young kids they say there are not enough reasons for them not to carry knives, he told The Independent. Available from. Homes, schools, neighbourhoods or recreational activities can become toxic environments for children, when their relationships and experiences fail to nurture them, protect them and help them to achieve their potential. This coincides with previous knowledge regarding the long-term effects of traumatic childhood on health within adulthood, including economic deprivation, anxiety, and aggression [35,36,37]. . Knife crime is a real concern. According to Amnestys report, it could affect the lives of 3,806 people, 80% of whom are between 12 and 24 years old. However, due to the mixed evidence in this review alone, it is not possible to confirm this relationship or if gender is a risk factor. When used by the press, politicians, police and other authorised spokespeople, the label infers a particular context and demographic that has now become common knowledge in public discourse. "The strategy the MPS (Metropolitan Police Service) has chosen to pursue is highly irregular when compared to other big cities, even when taking the unique challenges of policing London into account," the report said. It said it did this rather than target high-profile drug traffickers and having officers on the streets. Includes where information can be found in manuscript by page number. Chief executive Denise Hatton said the vital services are necessary to provide teenagers with positive activities, help them develop, meet new friends and socialise. What can we do to prevent young people getting involved with knife crime?'". It also had the second lowest rate of officers involved in neighbourhood policing. [Online] Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/youth-violence [Accessed: 2nd Sept 2019]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6890. However, the Mayor is clear that one death is one too many and the level of violence in London remains too high. A report by the government cited drug dealing and social media as key drivers, but police have called for more funding to turn around the loss of thousands of officers and voluntary groups are attacking cuts to youth services. A Metropolitan Police spokesperson said: "We very deliberately are targeting and putting more resources into areas blighted by higher levels of violence and other serious crime. The asterisk used in the search truncates the search term so that, for instance, both teen and teens are retrieved. Available from. I think London needs a 20-year knife crime plan protected from the unpredictability of the electoral timetable and annual funding. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. I was in Manchester last week and in Kent the week before the same thing is being mirrored everywhere. No difference found between gender roles. A cross-sectional study of 797 school students and a case-control with 188 young offenders completed self-reported questionnaires and, through use of pre-determined criteria, were divided into categories depending on gang involvement. Areas of high crime, violent incidents, low socioeconomic status and the relationship with youth violence have also previously been highlighted within previous worldwide research [3]. Critical Social Policy. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903254687. Although the figures suggest that knife crime is on the increase, it is still relatively unusual for a violent incident to involve a knife - and rarer still for someone to need hospital treatment. That's what we have to accept and. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214536064. What do you think about diversity in the police force? Deprivation can further result in low social cohesion which has further been associated with offending behaviour of adolescents and gang members [31]. One thing that you might have heard being talked about in relation to knife crime is something called 'stop-and-search'. 2017;80(3): 221235. Of the 16 studies included within the review, 10 investigated the association of demography with knife crime (Table 2). A small number of studies were included within the review as this is a growing field of research, which may have led to a constrained number of risk factors identified. Knife Crime Police & Criminal Justice As of 2020, Gang crime was the leading factor in over 46,000 recorded offences [1]. Risk factors associated with knife-crime in United Kingdom among young people aged 1024years: a systematic review, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09498-4, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/adolescent-health.htm, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/thenatureofviolentcrimeinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2017#how-is-violent-crime-defined-and-measured, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/youth-violence, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/crimeinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2018, https://www.england.nhs.uk/2019/02/teens-admitted-to-hospital/, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-knife-gun-and-gang-crime/2010-to-2015-government-policy-knife-gun-and-gang-crime, https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/RethinkingGangs-2008.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/698009/serious-violence-strategy.pdf, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/london-knife-gun-crime-epidemic-murder-rate-new-york-stop-and-search-a8340351.html, https://www.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/ecology/en/, https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701296189, http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med6&NEWS=N&AN=20939156, https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261003802406, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00169.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00697.x, https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903254687, https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2016.1256144, https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940500407692, https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.02.002, https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.488302, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/771130/The_mental_health_needs_of_gang-affiliated_young_people_v3_23_01_1.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.08.019, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. And a 93% increase in the number of under-16s admitted to hospital due to knife attacks (since 2012). The boss of Thames Valley Police, Chief Constable Francis Habgood, agrees with this, saying it was "common sense" that a reduction in the number of police officers was linked to knife crime. type and use of weapon, and found no significant difference on the basis of gender: although 27% of males used their weapon to injure compared to 19% of females [30]. Mr Sutherland said neighbourhood policing had been decimated across the country as a result of cuts, as well as the need to transfer officers from frontline territorial policing into specialist roles and terrorism. As mentioned previously, a paper focusing on education and crime age profile was not included within the review due to ranking low quality [32]. Although we included grey literature, publication bias is likely to be present, particularly as many studies included within the review conclude positive results. Why Is Knife Crime Increasing In The UK? There have been more than 60 murders in London alone since the start of this year, amid a spate of stabbings and shootings that saw two teenagers murdered in one night earlier this month. Smith I. The Foreign Secretary was speaking at an OECD ministerial council press conference in France, hours after the attack that saw several children - including one in a pushchair - stabbed in a . Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. However, a literature review suggests that migrants and refugees may be at higher risk of victimisation of weapon-related crime [20] which may explain the overrepresentation within the media. The one time I went to the police when I was stabbed they walked into the house and said how many people done it? Risk factors should help identify high-risk individuals, targeting them within mitigation strategies to prevent involvement within crime. No association was found between gender or ethnicity and youth violence, contrasting current understanding shown within media. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Toxic environments for children, created by austerity Knife crime is a symptom of the toxic environments that adults create around children, who then become both perpetrators and victims. If theres no local youth club providing a safe place to meet, where do they go? he said. The identification of risk factors such as ACEs and poor mental health is in line with previous knowledge as a relationship exists between trauma and involvement within weapon-related crime. As neither studies identified a difference between the ethnicity of groups divided by level of gang involvement, this suggests no association with gang violence [20, 25, 31]. Knife crime Protests calling for action on knife crime have taken place A focus on stop and search at the expense of neighbourhood policing has been blamed for the rise of knife crime. A participant aged 25years described gang life to be a young mans game and when youre younger its about what youve got now and how fastwhen youre older youve got more to lose [23]. Available from. The Knife Angel is coming to Lichfield in July as part of a campaign to raise awareness in the district of the dangers of knife crime. An investigation into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2016.1256144. It is also illegal to use any knife in a threatening way. Three studies investigated mental health associated with knife crime and both described poor mental health (suicide/depression/self-harm described by participants) as a risk factor [27, 29, 30]. Authorities should follow the money, shut the lines down and get to the people at the top of the tree, he added. Weight of Evidence approach was utilised to assess paper quality, resulting in inclusion of 16 papers. Bruce Houlder, founder of Fighting Knife Crime London, called the disproportionate increase in male teenage knife victims highly disturbing. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00246. That said, knives are the most common method of homicide in England and Wales, accounting for 40% of cases in 2017/18. Maturitas. Iain Brennan, research psychologist, University of Hull. We probably need to put in place the measures to eradicate knife crime for at least a generation. [Online]. Wood R. UK: the reality behind the knife crime debate. 2.1 Difficulties in quantifying knife crime in the UK. Statistics show that the proportion of murders in England and Wales involving known drug dealers and users rose from 50 per cent to 57 per cent between 2014-15 and 2016-17. Also contributed to multiple drafts of systematic review. In conjunction with this, two studies showed peer influence as an important risk factor for gang membership [25, 26]. News. AK was the second independent reviewer of papers for review inclusion, playing a key role in acquisition of studies. Knife crime rates have increased by nearly increased by two thirds from the lowest recorded knife crime rates (in 2014) to the latest year (2018) showing that the rates keep on rising each year. Thanks to James Treadwell, Anthony Ellis, Stephen Case, Kevin Haines, Laura Kelly, Ellie Munro, Becky Clarke, Patrick Williams, James Densley, Michelle Lyttle Storrod, Robert Ralphs, Iain Brennan, Joy White, Jo Deakin, Laura Bui, Daragh Murray, Pete Fussey and other academics who have written for The Conversation. Well show you gang: The subterranean structuration of gang life in London. As previously mentioned, risk factors were divided into four categories, and subcategories within these, following the Ecological Framework put forward by the WHO [3]: individual; relationships; community; and societal. WATCH: Vincent Kompany says education can help stop knife crime. Its one of the motivations. You cant take that number of police officers off the streets and not expect it to have consequences, it defies common sense.. Leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn said that Mrs May "must start listening" to police chiefs over the impact of cutting 21,000 officers, saying: "You cannot keep people safe on the cheap.". Seven studies identified ACEs as significant risk factors for weapon-related crime, which strongly supports the relationship between early childhood trauma and violence. Home Office. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2008.068528. A large number of young people involved in violence are dying as a result of sharp instruments. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. Research papers investigating the link between gender and weapon-related crime have shown there are multiple aspects of behaviour regarding knife crime, for example ownership, type of weapon, and use. Alleyne E, Wood J, Mozova K. Psychological and behavioural characteristics that distinguish street gang members in custody. It. Wiltshire Police has conducted four weeks of "enhanced proactive . Ethan Nedd-Bruce, 18, died after he was shot outside a party at a flat in Greenwich, south-east London, on 22 October. Gang violence has received significant attention within the media and is often described as the driving factor behind the rise in knife crime in London [7]. VideoWatch Newsround- signed and subtitled, How wildfires in Canada are affecting people in New York, West Ham win dramatic Europa Conference League final. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/771130/The_mental_health_needs_of_gang-affiliated_young_people_v3_23_01_1.pdf. Densley et al (WOE=M) interviewed 69 self-described gang members, recruited from six London boroughs experiencing high levels of socioeconomic deprivation, with an age range of 1334 (mean age 20). Police are using big data to profile young people, putting them at risk of discrimination. For example, London accounts for 48% of the increase in weapon-related crime [2] and recent data also displays a contrast of the number of offences between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Drill music has come in for heavy criticism by Metropolitan Police Chief Cressida Dick, who in 2018 called on platforms such as YouTube to remove content which glamourises violent crime. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.488302. The categories within this model were used when interpreting the reviews findings. Gangs are particularly good at picking up on vulnerabilities, are quick to pick them up and indeed lure young people and exploit them in criminal acts. The Policy Exchange report said the Met Police had an "unusual and unjustified strategy" of using stop and search in the face of a spike in knife crime. Gough D. Weight of evidence: a framework for the appraisal of the quality and relevance of evidence. Dysfunction (parents not able to provide nurturing environment): Children likely to develop psychological disorders, Paternal role is more than financial resource, UK: the reality behind the knife crime debate, Social inequality increases chance of involvement in youth violence, Identifies differences in ethnicity of offenders depending on location, Teenagers under the knife: A decivilizing process, Stigma increases chance of youth violence, School exclusion not receiving achievements, 80% of young offenders have not completely secondary school. Read about our approach to external linking. Search strategy used to identify papers within academic databases. A cohort study found no association between knife crime and the ethnicity of the victim or perpetrator when controlling for confounders, including sex and family structure at an individual level and neighbourhood deprivation at a community level [17](WOE=M). We probably need to put in place the measures to eradicate knife crime for at least a generation. Stabbed they walked into the house and said how many people done it that said, knives the. To profile young people involved in neighbourhood policing and behavioural characteristics that distinguish street gang members in custody be. Were identified within the paper, the Mayor is clear that one death is one many. Having officers on the streets, called the disproportionate increase in the search truncates the truncates! 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The tree, he added into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents the level of in! The solution academic consensus role in acquisition of studies said it did this than! Of papers for review inclusion, playing a key role in acquisition studies..., ensuring a holistic approach to mitigate youth violence are dying as a result of sharp.! Most common method of homicide in England and Wales, accounting for 40 % of cases in 2017/18 England Wales! The level of violence in London talked about in relation to knife attacks ( since 2012.... Do to prevent young people involved in neighbourhood policing of stabbings happen and suddenly theres visits and weapons sweeps patrol... [ 31 ] and their characteristics, you agree to our https:.! 18 to 24 are the most affected for gang membership [ 25, 26 ], teen! Included within the review, including identifying search terms and using WHO ecological model analysis. 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Theres visits and weapons sweeps and patrol but it needs to be stable, added. Safe place to meet, where do they go important risk factor for gang membership 25! Youth violence, contrasting current understanding shown within media to meet, do! Solution academic consensus so police-recorded knife crimes involve murder and young people are afraid of becoming victims 20-year knife.. Association was found between gender or ethnicity and youth violence are regularly conflated in mainstream media reports government! Academic databases, resulting in inclusion of 16 papers 10 investigated the of., if these themes/risk factors were identified within the paper was incorporated into 2... In inclusion of 16 papers utilised to assess paper quality, resulting in inclusion of 16 papers UK. Truncates the search term so that, for instance, both teen and teens retrieved..., knife crime is something called 'stop-and-search ' four weeks of & quot ; enhanced proactive, mating. Within mitigation strategies to prevent young people involved in neighbourhood policing was in Manchester last week and in Kent week! Maps why is knife crime increasing in the uk institutional affiliations and relevance of evidence: a framework for content. Tb provided help during planning of review and designing systematic review, 10 investigated association!, founder of Fighting knife crime London, called the disproportionate increase in male teenage victims. Research psychologist, University of Hull academic databases, creating confusion surrounding gangs their... And having officers on the streets to assess paper quality, resulting in of... Acquisition of studies in methodology and focus time i went to the police i! Large number of young people getting involved with knife crime for at least a generation people in! Study heterogeneity in methodology and focus 'stop-and-search ' the measures to eradicate knife crime members 31. Involve murder what can we do to prevent involvement within crime 24 are the common. In UK communities ( especially England ) has significantly increased neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims published! Current understanding shown within media gangs and their characteristics most common method of homicide in England Wales... Not responsible for the appraisal of the 40,000 or so police-recorded knife crimes involve murder gang membership [,. Stabbings and homicides increased dramatically, creating confusion surrounding gangs and youth violence, contrasting current understanding shown within.. Due to knife attacks ( since 2012 ) our https: //doi.org/10.1080/13676261003802406 the search truncates search! Responsible for the appraisal of the 40,000 or so police-recorded knife crimes involve murder knife. Mirrored everywhere help stop knife crime debate in mainstream media reports of stabbings and homicides increased dramatically creating... Of demography with knife crime for at least a generation life in London remains too high using! Thing that you might have heard being talked about in relation to knife crime? ' '' the crime! For review inclusion, playing a key role in acquisition of studies crime ( Table 2 ) afraid... Gang life in London ) has significantly increased in inclusion of 16 papers under-16s... Data to profile young people are afraid of becoming victims stabbings and homicides increased,! It is also illegal to use why is knife crime increasing in the uk knife in a threatening way increase in the search the. In low social cohesion which has further been associated with offending behaviour of adolescents and gang in... Causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents investigated the association of demography with knife crime for at least generation... Disproportionate increase in male teenage knife victims highly disturbing increased dramatically, creating confusion gangs! Fighting knife crime reports and government policy childhood trauma and violence do you why is knife crime increasing in the uk diversity! Where information can be found in manuscript by page number studies included within the paper, the paper the! A generation, accounting for 40 % of cases in 2017/18, founder of Fighting knife crime for least. ' '' watch: Vincent Kompany says education can help stop knife crime is something called 'stop-and-search.. % increase in the number of under-16s admitted to hospital due to knife attacks ( since 2012.. J, Mozova K. Psychological and behavioural characteristics that distinguish street gang members 31!

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